Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies

Latest papers

• TCMQA: A 38K-Question Traditional Chinese Medicine Benchmark with a Licensed-Practitioner Reference

  Tzu-Heng Huang, Jet Lin, Eric Lin · 29 September 2026

  Medical benchmarks for language models are built almost entirely on Western biomedicine. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a separate system, with its own diagnostic framework and its own literature, and it remains largely unmeasured. The few TCM evaluations that exist are small, narrow, and rar…

• Syndrome, Synergy, and Safety: Structured Reasoning and Knowledge-Driven Alignment for TCM Prescription Generation

  Zheng Chen, ZhiCheng Du, Haoxuan Li, Peiwu Qin · 23 September 2026

  Applying large language models to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription generation reveals three clinically critical gaps: models produce end-to-end mappings without auditable reasoning following the li-fa-fang-yao paradigm (SR Gap), treat each encounter in isolation without follow-up adju…

• LingLan: An Advancing Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis LLM with Multimodal Data

  Zheng Chen, Zhicheng Du, Haoxuan Li, Yingshan Liang, Peiwu Qin · 23 September 2026

  Though artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly transforms modern medicine, its integration into Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been relatively slow, primarily due to TCM's reliance on holistic, subjective diagnostic methods---namely Inspection, Auscultation and Olfaction, Inquiry, and Palp…

• Large Language Models Versus Physicians in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Real-World Clinical Case Evaluation

  Jiacheng Xie, Xiaoting Tang, Yang Yu, Jinpu Li, Shouli Li, Congcong Jing, Yantao Yang, Zhiyong Zhao, Ziyang Zhang, Qilin Song, Guanghui An, Dong Xu · 17 September 2026

  Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored for clinical applications, yet their assessment for real-world traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practice remains limited We constructed a clinical case library comprising 349 de-identified outpatient cases from 62 hospitals and evaluated…

• DeepTCM1.0: A Multi-Expert AI Agent for Deciphering Mechanisms of Chinese Herbal Formulae Based on General Large Language Models

  Wenxin Duan, Hanwei Wang, Zhongying Peng, Zhonghua Lu, Jiayi An, Fan Song, Yong Liang · 20 August 2026

  Background: Mechanistic elucidation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound formulas remains a central challenge in the modernization of TCM. Conventional approaches, including data mining and network pharmacology, are insufficient for achieving deep integration between classical TCM theory a…

• TreeProbe : A Tibetan Medicine Benchmark for Cultural Bias in LLMs

  Jin Zhang, Linyu Li, Weili Jiang, Yuqing Cai, Yutong Liu, Guanquecairang, Yongbin Yu, Jingye Cai, Nyima Tashi, Gadeng Luosang · 4 August 2026

  Large language models are increasingly viewed as a potential means of mitigating global health inequities, yet their outputs often reflect dominant high-resource medical traditions and provide limited coverage of traditional medical knowledge systems. Tibetan medicine, one of the world's four major …

• What Makes Deep Learning Work for Traditional Chinese Medicine Tongue Diagnosis? A Comprehensive Ablation Study

  Longxia Gao, Linan Wang, Yuhe Han, Junze Geng, Meng Zhang, Hanqing Zhao · 31 July 2026

  Deep learning has shown promise for automated tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), yet the design space remains underexplored. We conducted a systematic ablation study spanning 20+ model versions under rigorous 5-fold cross-validation on TongueDx2 (5,109 images, 976 expert-annotat…

• Classifier Chain-based Pathological Test Recommendation

  Abu Rafe Md Jamil, Nayan Malakar · 10 July 2026

  Accurate and timely diagnoses are essential for quality patient care. However, delayed recommendation of diagnostic tests and physicians' subjective interpretations can hinder effective care. This study introduces a pathological test recommendation system that speeds up the test selection process us…

• MMIR-TCM: Memory-Integrated Multimodal Inference and Retrieval for TCM Clinical Decision Support

  Lihui Luo, Joongwon Chae, Ziyan Chen, Yang Liu, Siyi Cheng, Weihan Gao, Zelin Zeng, Xiaoming Yin, Samaneh Beheshti Kashi, Dongmei Yu, Lian Zhang, Jing Sui, Zeming Liang, Jiansong Ji, Peter E. Lobie, Peiwu Qin · 3 July 2026

  Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) diagnosis, particularly through tongue inspection, faces persistent challenges in subjectivity and reproducibility. The application of multimodal artificial intelligence to TCM clinical tasks, such as syndrome differentiation and prescription generation, is signifi…

• Speaking in Self-Assessing Tongues: On the Verbalized Confidence of LLMs in Machine Translation

  Ali Marashian, Alexis Palmer, Katharina von der Wense · 17 June 2026

  The rapid rise in popularity of large language models (LLMs) for translation calls for a thorough study of the reliability of their confidence in their own outputs. Unlike many generation tasks, translation errors and confidence levels can be useful at different levels of granularity (tokens, words,…

• Evidence-Based Intelligent Diagnostic and Therapeutic Visualization System with Large Language Models: Multi-Turn Interaction and Multimodal Treatment Plan Generation

  Yunhan Wang, Yuda Wang, Zhiying Tu, Mingqiang Song, Li Song, Kun Li, Dianhui Chu, Bolin Zhang · 8 June 2026

  Aim: Existing AI-assisted traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic tools suffer from opaque reasoning processes, passive interaction, and limited treatment plan presentation. This study proposes a knowledge-enhanced visual diagnostic system to improve the transparency and interpretability of syndro…

• DERM-3R: A Resource-Efficient Multimodal Agents Framework for Dermatologic Diagnosis and Treatment in Real-World Clinical Settings

  Ziwen Chen, Zhendong Wang, Chongjing Wang, Yurui Dong, Luozhijie Jin, Jihao Gu, Kui Chen, Jiaxi Yang, Bingjie Lu, Zhou Zhang, Jirui Dai, Changyong Luo, Xiameng Gai, Haibing Lan, Zhi Liu · 14 April 2026

  Dermatologic diseases impose a large and growing global burden, affecting billions and substantially reducing quality of life. While modern therapies can rapidly control acute symptoms, long-term outcomes are often limited by single-target paradigms, recurrent courses, and insufficient attention to …

• DongYuan: An LLM-Based Framework for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Spleen-Stomach Disorders Diagnosis

  Hua Li, Yingying Li, Xiaobin Feng, Xinyi Fu, Lifeng Dong, Qingfeng Yang, Yanzhe Chen, Xiaoju Feng, Zhidong Cao, Jianbin Guo, Yanru Du · 31 March 2026

  The clinical burden of spleen-stomach disorders is substantial. While large language models (LLMs) offer new potential for medical applications, they face three major challenges in the context of integrative Chinese and Western medicine (ICWM): a lack of high-quality data, the absence of models capa…

• TCM-DiffRAG: Personalized Syndrome Differentiation Reasoning Method for Traditional Chinese Medicine based on Knowledge Graph and Chain of Thought

  Jianmin Li, Ying Chang, Su-Kit Tang, Yujia Liu, Yanwen Wang, Shuyuan Lin, Binkai Ou · 27 February 2026

  Background: Retrieval augmented generation (RAG) technology can empower large language models (LLMs) to generate more accurate, professional, and timely responses without fine tuning. However, due to the complex reasoning processes and substantial individual differences involved in traditional Chine…

• LingLanMiDian: Systematic Evaluation of LLMs on TCM Knowledge and Clinical Reasoning

  Rui Hua, Yu Wei, Zixin Shu, Kai Chang, Dengying Yan, Jianan Xia, Zeyu Liu, Hui Zhu, Shujie Song, Mingzhong Xiao, Xiaodong Li, Dongmei Jia, Zhuye Gao, Yanyan Meng, Naixuan Zhao, Yu Fu, Haibin Yu, Benman Yu, Yuanyuan Chen, Fei Dong, Zhizhou Meng, Pengcheng Yang, Songxue Zhao, Lijuan Pei, Yunhui Hu, Kan Ding, Jiayuan Duan, Wenmao Yin, Yang Gu, Runshun Zhang, Qiang Zhu, Jian Yu, Jiansheng Li, Baoyan Liu, Wenjia Wang, Xuezhong Zhou · 3 February 2026

  Large language models (LLMs) are advancing rapidly in medical NLP, yet Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with its distinctive ontology, terminology, and reasoning patterns requires domain-faithful evaluation. Existing TCM benchmarks are fragmented in coverage and scale and rely on non-unified or ge…

• FMASH: Advancing Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Recommendation with Efficient Fusion of Multiscale Associations of Symptoms and Herbs

  Xinhan Zheng, Huyu Wu, Ruotai Li, Haopeng Jin, Xueting Wang, Yehan Yang, Guodong Shan · 21 January 2026

  Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) exhibits remarkable therapeutic efficacy in disease treatment and healthcare through patienti-specific formulas. However, current AI-based TCM formula recommendation models and methods mainly focus on data-based textual associations between symptoms and herbs, and …

• Jingfang: An LLM-Based Multi-Agent System for Precise Medical Consultation and Syndrome Differentiation in Traditional Chinese Medicine

  Yehan Yang, Tianhao Ma, Ruotai Li, Xinhan Zheng, Guodong Shan · 21 January 2026

  The practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) requires profound expertise and extensive clinical experience. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer significant potential in this domain, current TCM-oriented LLMs suffer two critical limitations: (1) a rigid consultation framework that fails to…

• VietMed-MCQ: A Consistency-Filtered Data Synthesis Framework for Vietnamese Traditional Medicine Evaluation

  Huynh Trung Kiet, Dao Sy Duy Minh, Nguyen Dinh Ha Duong, Le Hoang Minh Huy, Long Nguyen, Dien Dinh · 8 January 2026

  Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in general medical domains. However, their performance significantly degrades in specialized, culturally specific domains such as Vietnamese Traditional Medicine (VTM), primarily due to the scarcity of high-quality, structured ben…

• Doctor Sun: A Bilingual Multimodal Large Language Model for Biomedical AI

  Dong Xue, Ziyao Shao, Zhaoyang Duan, Fangzhou Liu, Bing Li, Zhongheng Zhang · 30 December 2025

  Large multimodal models (LMMs) have demonstrated significant potential in providing innovative solutions for various biomedical tasks, including pathology analysis, radiology report generation, and biomedical assistance. However, the existing multimodal biomedical AI is typically based on foundation…

• A benchmark dataset for evaluating Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment in large language models

  Kunning Li, Jianbin Guo, Zhaoyang Shang, Yiqing Liu, Hongmin Du, Lingling Liu, Yuping Zhao, Lifeng Dong · 3 December 2025

  The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) within the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) domain presents an urgent need to assess their clinical application capabilities. However, such evaluations are challenged by the individualized, holistic, and diverse nature of TCM's "Syndrome Differentiatio…

• MIRNet: Integrating Constrained Graph-Based Reasoning with Pre-training for Diagnostic Medical Imaging

  Shufeng Kong, Zijie Wang, Nuan Cui, Hao Tang, Yihan Meng, Yuanyuan Wei, Feifan Chen, Yingheng Wang, Zhuo Cai, Yaonan Wang, Yulong Zhang, Yuzheng Li, Zibin Zheng, Caihua Liu, Hao Liang · 1 December 2025

  Automated interpretation of medical images demands robust modeling of complex visual-semantic relationships while addressing annotation scarcity, label imbalance, and clinical plausibility constraints. We introduce MIRNet (Medical Image Reasoner Network), a novel framework that integrates self-super…

• TCM-5CEval: Extended Deep Evaluation Benchmark for LLM's Comprehensive Clinical Research Competence in Traditional Chinese Medicine

  Tianai Huang, Jiayuan Chen, Lu Lu, Pengcheng Chen, Tianbin Li, Bing Han, Wenchao Tang, Jie Xu, Ming Li · 18 November 2025

  Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in general domains, yet their application in highly specialized and culturally-rich fields like Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) requires rigorous and nuanced evaluation. Building upon prior foundational work such as TCM-3CEva…

• TCM-Eval: An Expert-Level Dynamic and Extensible Benchmark for Traditional Chinese Medicine

  Zihao Cheng, Yuheng Lu, Huaiqian Ye, Zeming Liu, Minqi Wang, Jingjing Liu, Zihan Li, Wei Fan, Yuanfang Guo, Ruiji Fu, Shifeng She, Gang Wang, Yunhong Wang · 11 November 2025

  Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in modern medicine, yet their application in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) remains severely limited by the absence of standardized benchmarks and the scarcity of high-quality training data. To address these challenges, we in…

• AyurParam: A State-of-the-Art Bilingual Language Model for Ayurveda

  Mohd Nauman, Sravan Gvm, Vijay Devane, Shyam Pawar, Viraj Thakur, Kundeshwar Pundalik, Piyush Sawarkar, Rohit Saluja, Maunendra Desarkar, Ganesh Ramakrishnan · 5 November 2025

  Current large language models excel at broad, general-purpose tasks, but consistently underperform when exposed to highly specialized domains that require deep cultural, linguistic, and subject-matter expertise. In particular, traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda embody centuries of nuanced …